Duke Ellington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Duke Ellington - Essay Example â€Å"gotta hurry home†.  These records did not  hit  as they expected, and it was until 1926 when Irving mills became their  manager  that they had their massive hit.  They  later  recorded â€Å"black and tan fantasy† a song that associated with Ellington throughout his career. Later he  was  put  at the  top  by his  acceptance  to be a  house  band for cotton club. This made him well known in America and contributed to financial security that his  band  needed. It left cotton club in 1931 to  tour  the world; they managed to change with time. In 1930s swing music  hit, New York and Ellington managed to change from  hot  jazz of 1920s to this genre. The  record  Ã¢â‚¬Å"doesn't mean a thing if it  ain't  got that swing† created that  era. In 1940s, the  band  strength  increased even more, and  new  soloist joined them (Pinkney & Pinkney). They recorded various records including â€Å"per didoà ¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"jump for joy†. In 1943, Ellington gave his first  hall  concert debuting â€Å"black, brown and  beige†. In late 1940s, his music continued to be of high quality, and his  band’s turnover increased. Many influential bands broke up during this time due to the rise of bebop. In spite of, Ellington’s  band  never broke up. In 1950s, he had his worst moment of his career, but it was not a problem with his art. The band struggled for a while, but in 1955, they realized "Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue" which brought him back to  fame. Duke brought various innovations to the music industry back then; making it acceptable for a black person to succeed in music. He was among the earliest jazz singers to make a  record  that took more than three minutes. His songs were more untraditional and had  different  modulations from what people  were used  to back then. The melodies of... The biggest contribution of Duke was his effect on the black community; he was able to show the world that blacks too had talent. His discipline was also notable; this is has been explained his ability to keep the band together until his death. His contribution, however, went beyond music; he contributed a lot to his culture as a black person. He fought for racial equality and even became part of civil rights movements. Duke contributed an immense deal in making blacks feel worthy, and he was quoted saying that his race was his inspiration. He was able to influence many musicians including Thelonious Monk whose piano style was influenced by Ellington. Monk is a modern jazz musician, as well as a pianist. His unique arranging concepts influenced a number of modern day composers. Even if, Duke's main forte was jazz, he also composed for ballets, films, operas and church services. He was kind hearted and would regularly display his musicians; enabling them to make a strong impact on the ir own jazz styles. Ellington received various Grammy awards all the way through his career and many other awards. He continued to perform until his demise after suffering from cancer. His band continued with his legacy headed by his son Mercer. Ellington's legacy was to remain the greatest jazz musician of all time, and he has done that considering his name is, as vital, as it was then. His influence to musicians has remained strong and relevant. Until today musicians revisit his work for inspiration and as a bedrock to their own careers.

Identity Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Identity Research Paper Essay Malcolm Rivers from the movie â€Å"Identity† has been diagnosed as a mentally ill patient with Dissociative Identity Disorder. This disorder is basically another name for a multiple personality disorder. The disorder is usually caused by severe trauma, emotional or physical, that causes people to create â€Å"multiple personalities† so that they can deal with certain situations. They usually have the inability to recall important information and have blackouts. Lastly, they have confusion of personal identity for an assumption of a new identity. The patient, Malcolm Rivers has committed several vicious murders and is waiting for execution. There is a journal that Rivers has explaining why he really committed the murders of all these people at a motel. His psychiatrist, Doctor Malick, tries to explain to the Judge who wants to have Rivers executed that he wasn’t responsible for the murders. The argument Dr. Malick made for it not being Malcolm Rivers fault is that it was one of his personalities because in his journal he has written down personal and private thoughts of several different people, which is a symptom of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Doctor Malick took Malcolm Rivers in front of the Judge and started questioning him to prove that he has multiple personalities. When he was questioning him though, he wasn’t Malcolm Rivers; he was â€Å"Ed†, the limo driver from the motel that everyone was getting murdered at. â€Å"Ed† keeps having these blackouts and this one blackout led him into the courtroom with Malick and the judge. â€Å"Ed† tells them what was happening at the motel and how it was bizarre that everyone was getting murdered and bodies were disappearing. In response to Malcolm Rivers or â€Å"Ed’s† story, Malick tells â€Å"Ed† about how he is really Malcolm Rivers. Rivers’ traumatic childhood has a strong effect on him, which made his personality fracture into different personalities. He remembers his mom as being â€Å"promiscuous† depending on whom she brought home he may also have been beaten as a child, and the disorder is caused by both mental and physical trauma. â€Å"Ed† found this really confusing, so Malick gave him a mirror that way he realized that he was just another personality. Malick also made another assumption that â€Å"Ed† and all the other people at the motel had the same birthdays. He told â€Å"Ed† that one of his fellow personalities is the one responsible for the murders, so once that personality dies, Malcolm Rivers won’t have to executed because he will be harmless. â€Å"Ed† thought that he finally identified the personality responsible for all of the murders. When he tried to kill it, both the personality and â€Å"Ed† die at the motel. Malick convinced the judge that the homicide identity is dead and Rivers should be harmless. Rivers was let off the execution and put into a mental asylum. Little did he know he actually killed the wrong personality, it was really Timmy, a little boy, the murdered everyone and set up their deaths. In Rivers’ head it showed Timmy was the one always watching the deaths of everyone, but he was so quiet no one suspected him. Timmy’s personality eventually dominated Rivers body and strangles Malick that crashes the truck going to the mental asylum. There are both positive and negative messages the movie gives the public about people with this disorder. One negative message it can give off is the impression that people with this disorder are dangerous murders, not all people with multiple personalities are dangerous or destructive. There are actually only a few cases that people with multiple personalities have criminal behavior. Another negative message is that it shows criminals can get away with a crime and be let off an execution if you have multiple personalities, a criminal does not get out of it that easily, they need to go through a long process of multiple professional physicians to prove they are criminally insane. Lastly, the personality ended up dominating Malcolm Rivers body in the end, so it can give off the idea to the public that this disorder can not be cured when it can. There are also positive messages that the movie gives off to the public that watches it. For one, it successfully shows the symptoms of a person with dissociative identity disorder. It can also give people a good idea that if they suspect someone they know has this disorder; you should get them to keep a diary to get down their personal thoughts so you can tell if they have it. Lastly, it shows that having a traumatic childhood can affect a person. That is a positive message because it can make people want to be better parents to their children after seeing what a bad childhood can do to someone. The journal article on dissociative identity disorder shows the four dominant approaches to understanding the disorder: childhood trauma and media influences. The posttraumatic model of dissociative identity disorder shows that the disorder is a defensive response that results naturally from continuous and tremendous childhood trauma, particularly from physical and sexual abuse. Children experiencing this trauma dissociate their distressing experiences and repress the memories of those experiences. This section of the article relates to the movie because his mom was â€Å"promiscuous†, so Malcolm most likely wanted to repress the memories from that time of his life. Another approach to understanding why people have this disorder would be media influences. There was an increased in the number of reported causes of dissociative identity disorder shown when the growth of popular books and movies about patients with multiple personalities. The movie itself did not have any media influences that made Malcolm Rivers have multiple personalities. However, the movie can give off a negative reaction to the public watching it because there might be more cases of dissociative identity disorder. In conclusion, Malcolm Rivers should be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder from all the symptoms he has shown in the movie. The movie â€Å"Identity† is a great movie to watch, if someone wanted to learn more about the disorder or see an example of how a person diagnosed with dissociative identity acts. The journal article was also a good source because it backed-up one of the main causes of the disorder in the movie. Over all, the movie sends a good message to the public viewing it because the viewer can learn a lot about what causes the disorder, the symptoms of it, and they can be entertained at the same time. Traub, C. M. (2009). Defending a diagnostic pariah: validating the categorisation of Dissociative Identity Disorder. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(3), 347-356. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Cusack, J. (Actor). (2003). Identity [Motion picture]. USA: Sony Pictures. Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., Greene, B. (2008). Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World (Seven ed., pp. 1-630). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.

Timeline of the History of Psychology

Timeline of the History of Psychology The History of Psychology Marisa Alexander The development of psychology took place in eras. The contributors of a period provide the next necessary step for improvement of new philosophies sometime discarding all or part of the previous to provide a new perspective. This essay will explore the major contributors from the ancient Greeks to more modern times and demonstrate the improvement over time to where psychology is seen as a science. Between 470-322BCE rose three major philosophers that played a pivotal role shaping western philosophical thinking. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the foundation of what psychology as a science is today. They were switching from using mysticism or mythology to understand their world to experience and scientific inquiry. Socrates used the power of reasoning and was the first to use a scientific approach to psychology that focused on various causes of behaviour (Hergenhahn, 2009). His student Plato followed in his footsteps. Plato believed that ideas were innate and the brain is the mechanism of mental processes. His innate ideas were denied by Aristotle who suggested that the heart was the mechanism of mental processes. He proposed that emotions emphasized thoughts and behaviour and cause selective perception in the environment.Their philosophy flourished in that period and even after Athens defeat. The Greek city-state was defeated by Sparta (431-404 B.C) which caused the collapse of Athens. The Romans invaded the Greek territory and there was a need for a philosophy that can address the instabilities and ills of this era. To address this issue the Romans focused on helping individuals live a good life. Philosophies such as stoicism, skepticism, Epicureanism and Neo-Platonism emerged. These philosophies were involved in the transition from philosophy to Christianity. There were various conflicting versions of Christianity so to eliminate this issue Constanine placed the responsibility on bishops to arrive at a single set of documents to govern Christian communities. Through this in C. 380 Christianity became the approved religion in Rome by Theodosius I. there were some aspects in philosophy that were useful to Christianity and was incorporated along with Judaism into the religion by Augustine. Augustine’s work fell into the medieval period; this period marked the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance period (approx. CE 400 – CE1300). It was a period of rebirth and a transition from being God centred to being more human centred (Hergenhahn, 2009). Having an open mind was one of the requirements of this time. Ushering in this period was the devastating epidemic the Black Death which killed approximately one-third of Europe. This changed Europe social and economic situation drastically for the worse. Frustration caused Europe to seek comfort in Christianity. It was a time when the Roman Catholic Church was the authoritative figure in all aspects of Europe’s life. The renaissance period was a difficult time for the church as it was threatened by the loss of its powers on the state. This made way for the emergence of leaders to govern the state without the church. Other factors threatened the authority such as the invention of the pr inting press by Johannes Gettenburg (1445). The invention meant that literature would be easily accessible and not just owned by the elite. It also meant that they would not have to rely on the interpretations of the priest but they can read and interpret for themselves. The period steered way for new philosophies that would: belief in individual potential, see religion as more personal and less institutionalized, show an intense interest in the classics, and have a negative attitude toward Aristotle’s philosophy (Hergenhahn, 2009). Bacon, Descartes and Galileo work emerged around C.1610 which created a scientific revolution in psychology. Bacon was an empiricist whose vision for sciences was to be able to solve human problems. He focused on inductive reasoning which dealt with facts that can be observed. Descartes on the other hand, was a rationalist who saw the mind and body as two separate entities. The body is observable and measurable. In contrast, the mind is not directly observable. He also stated that ideas were innate and they are experienced with such precision and uniqueness that they need to be accepted as true. Galileo explored the laws that governed the physical world. He tried to apply the laws of the universe in understanding h uman thought and behavior through deductive reasoning which deals with predicting an event from general principle. So based on the laws he concluded that psychology was impossible to predict because of the subjective nature of human thought (Hergenhahn, 2009). Locke was an empiricist who opposed Descartes philosophy of innate idea (King, Viney Woody, 2009). In 1690 Locke published An Essay Concerning Human Understanding which defended empiricism and concerned itself with determining the boundaries of human understanding in respect to a wide variety of topics (Uzgalis, 2001). Locke thought that if all humans had innate ideas as Descartes stated, then all humans should possess these ideas and since they do not, then Descartes’ philosophy of it is not true. He believed that our minds were like a blank paper or slates at birth and through sensory experiences it would be furnished with the necessary ideas. In 1808 Gall had a different perspective for understanding human behavior. He believed that faculties (personality and intelligence traits) were stored in specific parts of the brain (King et al, 2009). The shape and size of a person’s skill he believed was a good indication for presents or absence of personality and intelligence traits. While Gall focused on physical features Weber was concerned with sensations. Weber was the first to quantify perceived differences between a physical stimulus and sensation, his work entailed experiments what looked at just noticeable differences between stimuli. Just noticeable difference is the standard detectable difference between the standard and the comparison weight. He published his research on The Sense of Touch in 1834. Another approach surfaced called evolutionary psychology and was pioneered by Charles Darwin. In his publication of the Origin of Species (1859) it explains that we develop behaviors and cognitive abilities to adapt to our environment for our survival (Houck 1999). Twenty years later there was a new discovery by Wilhelm Wundt, he was the first to establish a lab for studying psychology in 1879 and used introspection to collect information. He conducted experiments examining the physical on the psyche and agreed with Darwin’s concept on the importance of adaptation (Kim, 2006). In his research he recognized the need for scholarly journals but his new research did not fit with the established physiology or philosophy journals (King et al, 2009). So in 1881 he published the first issue of Psychological Studies. Wundt and Titchener dominated the introspective self-observation approach when Ebbinghaus began his research on human memory. Ebbinghaus was systematic and cautious in his approach to the study of memory; this changed the standard by confirming that higher cognitive processes could also be studied scientifically. His method moved the study of memory out of philosophy and into the domain of empirical science. His study showed that memorizing meaningless is more difficult that memorizing meaningful ones, an increase in the amount of material increases the amount of time it takes to learn it, relearning is easier that initial learning and forgetting takes longer after relearning (Plunker 2013). He then discovered that forgetting happens rapidly right after learning occurs and slows down over time.He published his findings in 1885 Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Hall was a functionalist and influential in launching psychology as a science and in its development as a profession. Just as Ebbinghaus, Stanley used scientific methods in conducting his experiments; his is famous for work on child development, especially adolescence (King et al, 2009). Hall spearheaded the scientific approaches in the field of psychology. In 1887 he launched theAmerican Journal of Psychology (APA), and in 1892 he organised the American Psychological Association and held the position as its first president (Perry, 2006). Calkins was the fourteenth (14th) president of APA in 1905; she did her dissertation and was refused her doctorate from Harvard University even though she met the requirements. Thorndike was a behaviourist which is a branch of psychology dealing with objective experimental approach and learning behaviours. His theory focused on connections created in the mind between environmental stimuli and the organism’s response, where as previous theorists focused on connections between ideas. In 1898 An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals was his thesis he wrote on his experiments conducted on animals (Wozniak, n.d). Apart from Thorndike, there are other behaviourist who influenced psychology with their works, there are Watson, Skinner and Pavlov. Watson published a piece in 1913 on Psychology as the Behaviourist Views where he discussed his position on behaviourism and the theoretical goal to predict and control behaviour. He stated that itshould onlybe about things we can directly observe, that is, the relationship between the environment and the behaviour of the organism (Watson, 1913). Skinner dealt with modifying behaviour through re inforcement and punishment. He did experiments with animals and published his work as The Behaviour of Organisms in 1938. Then there was Pavlov who published his work on Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes in 1928 which dealt with finding from his experiment he discovered though observing a pattern. He noticed that the dog was conditioned to have a reflex action; this pattern was not the real intention of his experiment. This he called classical conditioning. A different perspective of psychology emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century that focused on the unconscious part of the mind. This was developed by Freud, who stated that there are events or things that the mind cannot deal with that is stored in the unconscious. Also there are structures that make up our personality such as the id, ego and superego and the each have a responsibility. He also proposed developmental stages which has a connection to sexuality or erogenous zones. Apart from this he stated that unconscious thought or issues manifested in dreams. Freud published Interpretations of Dreams in 1900 to describe his work on the subject. Freud had followers of his approach such as Alfred Alder, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, and his daughter Anna Freud. They all went on to depart from his theory and develop their own using his foundation. Another perspective to understanding human behaviour is Gestalt. This movement in psychology was launched by Wertheimer in 1905 and opposite to behavioural perspective that viewed the parts or saw thing on a molecular level; this approach was more on a molar (holistic) level. It represents a more cognitive aspect in psychology since the focus is on perception and the forming of self-organizing tendencies which provide insight through an overall view. There were other theorist that followed this movement such as Wolfgang KÃ ¶hler and Kurt Koffka who worked with Wertheimer. Humanistic is similar to gestalt but they extend their focus from a more perceptual consciousness to cover the organism’s entire state of being. Behaviour should be understood from a subjective perspective (individual experience) and it is not dependent on the past. Instead the individual is allowed to make their own choices or choose their own part. Rogers published the theory as it relates to counselling i n 1942 in Counselling and Psychotherapy. The Latest great contribution to psychology was the publishing of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5). This was published in 2013 and contained a classification system for diagnosing mental disorders. In the previous years there was one revision and many four (4) editions of the same book. The first edition of this book was published in 1952 and ever since then as became the bible of mental disorders and useful providing valuable information on the matter. In conclusion it was necessary for the development of psychology to be a science for it to go through the rigorous changes in time. There were many instances for the theorists living in that time to adopt the changes and integrate them into their theories. As previously mentioned there were a lot of building of this approach for ancient Greek from philosophy with many other hard sciences such as physics, physiology add to it throughout the years to be developed to what it is today. References Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to the history of psychology (6th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co.. Houck, R. (n.d.). Charles Darwin. Psychology History. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/darwin.htm Kim, A. (2006, June 16). Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt. Stanford University. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/#TheFraExpPsy King, D. B., Viney, W., Woody, W. D. (2009). A history of psychology: ideas and context (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Parry, M. (2006). G. Stanley Hall: Psychologist And Early Gerontologist. American Journal of Public Health, 96(7), 1161-1161. Plucker, J. (2013, November 7). Human Intelligence: Hermann Ebbinghaus. Human Intelligence: Hermann Ebbinghaus. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://www.intelltheory.com/ebbinghaus.shtml Uzgalis, W. (2001, September 2). John Locke. Stanford University. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/ Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology As The Behaviourist Views It.. Psychological Review, 20(2), 158-177. Wozniak, R. (n.d.). Classics in the History of Psychology. Introduction to Thorndike (1911) by R. H. Wozniak. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Thorndike/Animal/wozniak.htm

An Account of Racial Inequality in Langston Hughes Freedom Train :: Hughes Freedom Train Essays

An Account of Racial Inequality in Langston Hughes' Freedom Train "Freedom Train" by Langston Hughes is a powerful and eye-opening account of racial inequality in the early Twentieth century. Hughes poem is filled with a sense of irony but also hope towards the future. This tongue-in-cheek look at the so-called "Freedom" Train is a powerful image. Langston Hughes included important ideas in a simple and original way. Hughes was writing at the height of the Harlem Renaissance and his focus remained on issues faced by African Americans, but he did not dwell on the injustices. "Freedom Train" and other writings of Langston Hughes had a very hopeful tone. The poem, written in 1947, was produced in a time surrounded by war, patriotism, and also racism in America. World War II was ending and patriotism was at a high. The title, "Freedom Train" was coined from a locomotive that carried the Constitution, Declaration of Independence, and other important American documents on a tour across the United States. People were free to visit this train when it arrived in their town. This was one example of growing patriotism after World War II. The irony of this poem is, as Hughes points out, the fact that the American people were celebrating this Freedom Train and documents assuring our freedom, while African Americans were still not even considered equal citizens by most white Americans. Racism was still common and blacks were still treated as inferiors. These injustices are what Hughes is concerned with. Hughes cannot fathom this as the "Freedom" Train because he has no real sense of freedom, but he is hopeful and looks to the future. Hugh asks, "How can this be a Freedom Train?" He remarks that he cannot even sit in the white man's railroad car that, at the same time, is encouraging freedom. The irony is unbelievable. Hughes is, in a sense, waiting for his own freedom train in a much deeper sense. By taking this poem one section at a time, and looking at the historical significance, one discovers these important links and u nderlying messages conveyed by Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes gives us an African American view on many issues that were important during this time. He writes in a very sarcastic manner when speaking of the Freedom Train.

Melissa Younan Twelfth Night

However, Olivia does not return this sentiment an d has sworn off marriage while mourning the death of her dear brother. Under the orders of the Duke, Viola goes to Lady Olivia in pursuit to convince her to marry Rosin, though she herself has grown to love him. After the visit, Olivia sends her serve ant after Corsair, otherwise known as Viola in disguise, in order to return a ring that he had supposedly left at her manor. In her soliloquy, Viola is trying to come to a con occlusion as to why Olivia had sent the ring, knowing for a fact that she had not worn one.Fate r processing the events that occurred in their discussion and the ring predicament .NET, Viola realizes that the Lady has fallen in love with who she believes to be Corsair, a ND that he ring is a sign of her affections towards him. Completely unaware that Ices aria is not really a man, but a woman impersonating one, this adds more complication a ND conflict to the Story. By the end Of the soliloquy, Viola is left overwh elmed and unable to find a solution to the unfortunate love triangle she currently finds herself in.In the soliloquy, Viola uses logos to attempt to understand their hopeless situation and pathos to express her pity for Olivia. Viola uses logos when she begins to make connections as to how Olivia acted during their meeting. Viola uses logo s when she says, â€Å"She made good view of me; indeed, so much, / That sure method her eyes had lost her tongue, / For she did speak in starts distractedly'(Act II, scene ii, 676678). The quote shows how Olivia had repeatedly gazed at her and seem d distracted, which can only mean that she is in love with Viola/ Corsair.This appeal proves to be effective because it leads her to finish off the speech by discuss Eng Olive's misplaced love. As for pathos, in lines such as, â€Å"Poor lady, she were better love dream†(683), and, â€Å"What thriftless sighs shall poor Olivia breathe†(696), Viola implies Olivia is chasing a fantasy and that since the man that she thinks she loves do s not exist, the only outcome will be her sorrow and misery. This can be seen as pat hose because it compels not only Viola, but the reader as well to feel compassion t awards Olivia.Also, when Viola begins to rant about how frail the hearts of women AR e and â€Å"how easy is it for the propellers / In women's waxen hearts to set their forms! â€Å"(686687), she begins to understand Olivia and how she is not to blame for her misguided love for Corsair. This is both pathos and logos because not only is she feeling pity for women, such as Olivia and herself, but she is also using false 10 gig by eying that misguided love is caused by women having weak hearts.By the en d of the speech, Viola understands Olive's love for who she believes is Corsair and empathetic with Olive's feelings. Viola uses many rhetorical and literary devices throughout her speech as well in order emphasize and/ or make a point. She used examples of apostrophes s uch as â€Å"Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness†(Act II ii 684) and â€Å"O time! Thou must UN tangle this, not l; / It is too hard a knot for me to untie! â€Å"(697698). When she states â€Å"Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness†(684), she blames her disguise for making Olivia fallI in love with her. As for â€Å"O time! Thou must untangle this, not l; / It is too hard a knot for me to it is used to show how complex their situation is and how she can't fix it alone. The apostrophes show how Viola eagerly wants to avoid the conflict a ND have it resolved. This is shown through how she pins the blame on a simple disguise and wishes that time will resolve the matter on its own. There is also alliteration in the speech such as â€Å"Fortune forbid† and â€Å"she did speak in starts†. The alliteration I s used to emphasize and show importance.For instance, in the sentence, â€Å"Fortune for id my outside have not charm's her! â€Å"(675), the alli teration is used to show the reader r that Viola is worried about Olivia falling in love with her disguise, as well as to amp hassle Viola's wishes to prevent more conflict and heartbreak to the reader. The sent once, â€Å"For she did speak in starts distractedly†(678), also shows the reader that Viola ha s come to the conclusion that Olivia is in love with Corsair, and catches the readers Tate notion to this fact.In my opinion, I think it is important to read and utilize rhetorical strategies in order to make conclusions about Shakespearean writing. I believe this is crucial I because in order for the reader to comprehend the speech itself, they must get a sense e of what is occurring prior to the speech. Because of this, the reader must analyze the re theoretical situation in the speech in order to understand the main problem, purpose, an d who the speech is really targeted for.Without knowing the situation, the reader would be lost and unable to fully comprehend why the s peech is of importance. Therefore, it is one of the key points in understanding the speech. Also, if you're unable to come to conclusion as to why Shakespeare included devices such as logos, pathos and ‘or ethos n the speech, you would not know whether he was trying make a logical point t, show the credibility of a character, or make the reader feel pity or emotion.

Legal Systems

Rawls describes individual rights as, â€Å"rights representing the moral rights of individuals in society prior to government. Individual rights are principles that identify and sanction certain interactions between individuals in a society while excluding others,† (20) Different countries have different ways of guarding their citizens’ human rights. Governments that respect individual rights often provide for comprehensive controls that protect individual rights. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the body that deals with the rights of Canadian citizens. The Charter is law and is part of the Canadian constitution. Since the charter is law, the federal government can not easily make changes to it. It is also stronger than laws the provinces create. www.hrweb.org/. It guarantees freedoms called fundamental freedoms; freedom of conscience and religion, freedom of thought, belief and expression, including freedom of all media and other press. Freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association is also guaranteed. These are the basic freedoms that the Canadian citizens share. However, the Charter allows for the limit of these freedoms under certain circumstances like, restricting the freedom of assembly in time of war. To help a disadvantaged group achieve equality, it allows differential treatment. The Chatter is to be interpreted in way that preserves and enhances the multicultural heritage of Canadians. The United States constitution on human rights is very similar in content to the outlined Canadian individual rights apart from the some rights in the Canadian Charter can be overridden by governments if they deliberately do so. This is not the case with the United States Human rights laws which cannot even be even removed entirely by a constitutional amendment as they are considered unchallengeable under the natural rights principles the Constitution is founded upon. The United States human rights laws, unlike British laws are applicable to everyone in the country as a whole and are not subject to small state adherence. ‘Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein,’ (Rawls 25). Unlike the British Human Rights Constitution that is set within the United Kingdom, United States made a universal declaration of its human rights protection strategy. New Zealand, which is a former colony of Britain  in its human rights protection aims at developing harmonious relationships between individuals and achievement of equal employment opportunity.   New Zealand have accepted a very limited right to privacy on specific topics while primarily balancing privacy as one interest against security, commercial and political interests in fragmented legislation and tort law rulings, unlike   Britain, which has very complete rules on privacy rights of individuals. www.hrweb.org/ Britain has a very complete and elaborate system in handling human rights issues. It has an official   union that deals with human rights that is, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which has several protocols guarding human rights The protocols accepted vary from one state to another this is effective in reaching all targets as per their individual need. These protocols include laws prohibiting death penalty, protection against torture, protection against slavery and forced labor with the exception of prison labor and national services. To those protected by the convention of liberty and lawful arrest. Britain has also established a special court that deals with human rights violation, European Court of Human Rights, where the court decision is legally binding and the court awards damages. Inter-state rights violation cases can also be taken to this court for states that are party ton that protocol. This provides the individual with immunity against abuse and special hearing of cases. The protocol outlines the procedures of a fair trial. Religion, marriage and privacy are also covered in the British human rights laws. The protocols also prohibit discrimination of whatever kind. The amendment of the laws for human rights is also possible with the British system, unlike the American system where the law is protect under natural rights systems. The British laws are much more flexible to meet the needs of the time and change of priority. When protocols are introduced, they need to pass the universal ratification before they come into force in order to maintain the institutional unity of the Convention machinery. Despite the British human rights protection strategies being almost similar in content to the other countries, it is more elaborate and its administration being under its own special court makes it be independent of the general laws and normal courts jurisdiction. The application of the laws per state also gives the citizens a free choice when it comes to living by the set rules. Its amendments are also much more flexible to expansions and being managed by a special body and not politicians, it’s more effective in administration and management of issues. 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